California history Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

California history - Research Paper Example In addition, this region records the largest number of wild fires as compared to the other states in America. The climate of this region is mainly cool with rainy winters and hot summers. Moreover, it was the home of a great n umber of America’s natives and the indigenes communities. It had unique cultural and linguistic traits due to the inter existence of almost seventy different groups of Native Americans. In this regard, this essay will delve on the political organization of the Native Americans. The political organization of the Native Americans had unique attributes due the lifestyle of these people1. For instance, political organization of a society is the collective provision of guidance to a community or society in either a formal or an in formal way. The natives were mostly hunter-gatherers hence settled down in groupings that matched their way of life. Their political organizations were diverse in that they had further divisions according to tribe, chiefdoms, bands, and states. In essence, the band political form of the organization was a small group of closely related relatives from the household in a particular region who came together on different occasions but did not answer to any superior authority. Ideally, this form of governance was not complex since the number of those under the ruler ship was a manageable number. This system did not have a central political structure hence making this form of governance to be informal. Moreover, communities under the band2 form of had autonomous extended family groupings that formed the political set up. Bands were unable to compete for community resources since they were not complex in the execution of leadership. They had two clusters, one being the simple bands and complex bands. Simple bands were the smallest groupings, which were narrow to the level of the extended families. Ion the other hand, composite bands had larger families totaling to hundreds in numbers. Sequentially, this political for m was easier due to the constant moving of the families in these communities because of their hunter-gatherer state. On the contrary, this leadership was definitive in that it had Leaders who acquired positions of leadership by virtue of portraying leadership abilities. In addition, they became leaders through their ability to influence their societies to act in certain ways. They stayed in the position of leadership until the community no longer had confidence in them. In essence, the leaders in charge of bands were the peace chiefs. They had wisdom, kindness, and abilities in leading the community in to successful battles3. This oldest form of political organization4 was essential in the solving of community problems because the leader knew the ones in the dispute quite well. Therefore, the delivery of judgment was fair according to the community. Other forms of political organization came about due to intermarriages between communities. Secondly, the Native Americans had tribes, which were groups of independent people that occupied a specific region and shared a common language. In addition, the tribes had common cultural practices applied by certain unifying factors. Additionally, a tribe composed of different people from bands and villages integrated in to lineages and clans. This form of the organization was a temporal and formal because of the frequent attacks by other bordering communities. Remarkably, there was no central authority hence making it an inform way of ruler ship5.

The Regulatory State and the Mixed Economy in the Golden Age of 19th Research Paper

The Regulatory State and the Mixed Economy in the Golden Age of 19th Century American Legal History - Research Paper Example This paper is going to talk about the American legal history in terms of regulating commerce while referring to landmark decisions that reshaped it (Hale 56). In 1824, the United States Supreme Court came up with a decision that states could interfere with any power of the Congress in the regulation of interstate commerce. This was a legislative enactment put forward to hinder states from interfering with the government policies affecting all states. At around the same time, the state of New York had decided to authorize steamboat operation in its water run by them. This was an act of monopoly and was upheld by the state chancery court. It is then that the Supreme Court ruled out that competing steamboat operators had to be protected by the terms put forward by possessing federal license requiring them to engage in that trade along the coast region. That decision was a major lead by the government in controlling state commerce and removing monopoly control by individual states (Catte rall & Henry 12). Maryland in 1819 enacted a statute that imposed tax on all existing banks that operated in Maryland and not chartered by the state. The statute stated that all such existing banks were prohibited from issuing notes upon stamped paper which was issued by the state. Also, the statute set forth a given fee that was supposed to be paid for the paper plus it established penalties for violating it. Maryland came with these policies in order to govern commerce within its own state (Richard 23). The Second Bank of the United States became established in 1816 following an act of congress (Catterall & Henry 15). McCulloch, a cashier at the Bank of the United States in Baltimore branch decided one time to issue bank notes which did not comply to Maryland law. Hence, Maryland sued McCulloch for not paying taxes due according to Maryland statute and McCulloch contested for the constitutionality of that given act (Richard 23). From the case, it was found out that the Congress ha d the power under the formed constitution to incorporate a given bank pursuant according to Article 1 section 8. In addition, it was found out from the ruling that the State of Maryland did not have the necessary power to tax a given institution that was created by the Congress according to the formed constitution. The decision by the Supreme Court in favor of McCulloch after he appealed to them proved that the Commerce clause was powerful in making such decision (Hale 86). In as much as Maryland had some rights in imposing laws in its own state, it proved that the Congress also had some powers in influencing some major decisions in the Court system. Hence, the government in place though usually limited in its power, but got supreme authority when it comes to issues of implementing laws that had been made under the constitution. There is basically nothing in the constitution that excludes implied or incidental powers. The government at the end usually thrives to remain legitimate in the way it handles issues that are within the constitution scope. Therefore, the power of establishing a given corporation is not usually a distinct sovereign power of a given government, but indicates that the means for carrying into effects some other powers that are sovereign. The government is obliged to exercise its